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Что (кто) такое Hippocampus - определение
![Coronal]] section of the brain of a [[macaque]] monkey, showing hippocampus (circled)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brainmaps-macaque-hippocampus.jpg?width=200 "Coronal]] section of the brain of a [[macaque]] monkey, showing hippocampus (circled)")
![Cajal]] DG: [[dentate gyrus]]. Sub: [[subiculum]]. EC: [[entorhinal cortex]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/CajalHippocampus (modified).png?width=200 "Cajal]] DG: [[dentate gyrus]]. Sub: [[subiculum]]. EC: [[entorhinal cortex]]")
![Image 11: Drawing by Italian pathologist [[Camillo Golgi]] of a hippocampus stained using the [[silver nitrate]] method](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Golgi Hippocampus.jpg?width=200 "Image 11: Drawing by Italian pathologist [[Camillo Golgi]] of a hippocampus stained using the [[silver nitrate]] method")
![fornix]] (left) compared with a [[seahorse]] (right)<ref>preparation by László Seress in 1980.</ref>](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Hippocampus and seahorse cropped.JPG?width=200 "fornix]] (left) compared with a [[seahorse]] (right)<ref>preparation by László Seress in 1980.</ref>")
![CA1]] layer of a rat. The rat ran back and forth along an elevated track, stopping at each end to eat a small food reward. Dots indicate positions where action potentials were recorded, with color indicating which neuron emitted that [[action potential]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Place Cell Spiking Activity Example.png?width=200 "CA1]] layer of a rat. The rat ran back and forth along an elevated track, stopping at each end to eat a small food reward. Dots indicate positions where action potentials were recorded, with color indicating which neuron emitted that [[action potential]].")
![theta]] (awake/behaving) and LIA ([[slow-wave sleep]]) modes. Each plot shows 20 seconds of data, with a hippocampal EEG trace at the top, spike rasters from 40 simultaneously recorded CA1 [[pyramidal cells]] in the middle (each raster line represents a different cell), and a plot of running speed at the bottom. The top plot represents a time period during which the rat was actively searching for scattered food pellets. For the bottom plot the rat was asleep.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rat-hippocampal-activity-modes.png?width=200 "theta]] (awake/behaving) and LIA ([[slow-wave sleep]]) modes. Each plot shows 20 seconds of data, with a hippocampal EEG trace at the top, spike rasters from 40 simultaneously recorded CA1 [[pyramidal cells]] in the middle (each raster line represents a different cell), and a plot of running speed at the bottom. The top plot represents a time period during which the rat was actively searching for scattered food pellets. For the bottom plot the rat was asleep.")
![Image 2: Cross-section of [[cerebral hemisphere]] showing structure and location of hippocampus](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo 1909 639.png?width=200 "Image 2: Cross-section of [[cerebral hemisphere]] showing structure and location of hippocampus")
Википедия
The hippocampus (via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. Humans and other mammals have two hippocampi, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is part of the limbic system, and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, and in spatial memory that enables navigation. The hippocampus is located in the allocortex, with neural projections into the neocortex in humans, as well as primates. The hippocampus, as the medial pallium, is a structure found in all vertebrates. In humans, it contains two main interlocking parts: the hippocampus proper (also called Ammon's horn), and the dentate gyrus.
In Alzheimer's disease (and other forms of dementia), the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; short-term memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. Damage to the hippocampus can also result from oxygen starvation (hypoxia), encephalitis, or medial temporal lobe epilepsy. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories.
Since different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus, it has frequently been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. The form of neural plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) was initially discovered to occur in the hippocampus and has often been studied in this structure. LTP is widely believed to be one of the main neural mechanisms by which memories are stored in the brain.
In rodents as model organisms, the hippocampus has been studied extensively as part of a brain system responsible for spatial memory and navigation. Many neurons in the rat and mouse hippocampus respond as place cells: that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when the animal passes through a specific part of its environment. Hippocampal place cells interact extensively with head direction cells, whose activity acts as an inertial compass, and conjecturally with grid cells in the neighboring entorhinal cortex.
